What I Have Learned Essay Example for Free

What I Have Learned Essay The previous three weeks I can say that I have adapted a considerable amount, I never truly figured I could comprehend what involved through composed wrongdoing. There are a wide range of ascribes that were included to frame sorted out wrongdoing. Without knowing precisely what those traits are you could always be unable to make sense of the stuff to sort out wrongdoing or even get why they call it composed wrongdoing. I would state to myself for what reason do these mafia and large gatherings put so much time and exertion into ensuring that there plans to through and who heads up their arrangements in view of the way that has been set from sorted out wrongdoing. I will clarify the significant territories concerning the establishments of sorted out wrongdoing. What two definitions best fits sorted out wrongdoing, how composed wrongdoing increased a decent footing in the United States, How sorted out wrongdoing bunches looked to impact government and the association of sorted out wrongdoing bunches in the post-Prohibition time. Regular lawbreakers are not quite the same as the people that are associated with sorted out wrongdoing through assortment and a bigger scope. Composed wrongdoing has no political plan. In each gathering or family there is a primary chief, underboss and follows down the stepping stool. There are capabilities to be acknowledged into any wrongdoing family or gathering. In these gatherings they feel as though they are distant that they don't have to keep any laws, individuals must adhere to their laws. In any gathering they should keep their gathering solid so they need to continually discover new individuals, they just search for people who they think will be valuable to their gathering. At the point when a part is at long last acknowledged into a family there are despite everything decides and guidelines that must be adhered to, if these standards are not followed your results could be passing. Each individual and additionally association will have their own definition with regards to composed wrongdoing it resembles fear based oppression; each association has its own definition what exactly comprises of a psychological militant. As per Donald Creesy composed wrongdoing is any wrongdoing that is submitted by an individual involving in a foundation of work, a place that is intended for an individual from the commission to be that of a defiler, a situation for the corruptee, and one situation for the authority. Donald Creepy’s definition I believe is really a decent definition that genuinely can distinguish was the commission’s fundamental assignment was for. I mean looking at the situation objectively the commission will discover somebody that is behind the lines of an organization that they need attaches with to get them the data and products they requirement for the crowd. Michael Maltz has an alternate point of view on the definition for composed wrongdoing. He says that composed wrongdoing is a wrongdoing that is produced using more than one individual, and the people that are included remain to be related with one another for the reason to prevail with regards to perpetrating the violations. Michael Maltz likewise has an incredible definition since he needs every individual that is associated with sorted out wrongdoing to be found to blame. For myself I would need to concur with Maltz in light of the fact that I do accept that each individual that is engaged with sorted out wrongdoing ought to be seen as liable. How would you think you are going to prevent an issue from occurring in the event that you don't attempt to see each individual who is included as liable; everything would remain the equivalent and the issue would not be fixed. The characteristics of composed wrongdoing are as per the following has no political objectives, is various leveled, has restricted or selective participation, comprises an exceptional subculture, propagates itself, displays an ability to utilize unlawful viciousness, is monopolistic, and is represented by express standards and guidelines. These eight properties basically can give you how in the event that they are not executed, at that point a group’s plan won't go as arranged. As a piece of the arrangement of characteristics it is just normal for a gathering to ensure that when they set up an arrangement each progression that was made ought to be followed.

Thematical Lives Of Dickens Characters Essays - Free Essays

Thematical Lives Of Dickens Characters Essays - Free Essays Thematical Lives of Dickens' Characters Charles Dickens' scholarly works are tantamount to each other from multiple points of view; plot, setting, and even encounters. His books stay charming to his crowds and he attracts them to show the perusers exercises of life. Albeit each work exists separate from the entirety of the rest, numerous similitudes remain. All through the books, Oliver Twist and Great Expectations, the way toward growing up, depicted by the writer, incorporates the topics of the character's capacity to distance themselves, noble cause given to the characters and what the cash does to their lives, and the distinctions of good and underhandedness people and the impacts of their persuasions. On the whole, these significant books flood with vagrants, new parents, gatekeepers, and bombed parent-youngster connections. Oliver, the principle character in Oliver Twist, must disregard his puerile past (Marcus 182) so as to look for the charming future (Marcus 182). He gets flung from halfway houses to non-permanent parents, etc until he gets himself a bit of an inappropriate group. The pickpockets take him under their position and endeavor to give him the general tour of the stealing activity. The vagrant Carter 2 adjusts well to the cheating way of life of Fagin and the young men, and through a progression of fiendish decisions, specialists catch him for taking (in spite of the fact that Dodger was the genuine criminal), and Oliver should live with the results. Extraordinary Expectations likewise underscores the way toward growing up through Pip, the fundamental character. Pip's mom and father died while he was youthful, and he had to live in the place of his more seasoned sister and her significant other. The kid gets numerous hopeful dads, including Joe, Magwitch, Jaggers and Pumblechook, however none of these men can give him what he needs from an antecedent. Dickens shows to the peruser the results that awful child rearing has on kids. A few youngsters are distorted by the knottiest roots (Lucas 141). Pip, Estella, and Magwitch are for the most part instances of hurt kids. The unpleasant kids harp on their past, or what has been overlooked (Marcus 182), and censure the guardians for their sufferings. Other kids, for example, Joe and Herbert endure terrible guardians and go on with their lives, not letting the history influence the standpoint. Characters in the books got cut off genuinely or profoundly from human friendship. Oliver experiences a feeling of offense. He fears being surrendered by temporary parents and companions, despite the fact that the connections are not beneficial for him. Think about his relationship with Dodger. The vagrant was advised to accept Dodgers exhortation and do what he does (Oliver 138) by Fagin so as to succeed. Oliver realized that his new Carter 3 companions were awful effects on him, however yet he stayed with the inner circle to shield from feeling a trace of disengagement. In Great Expectations, Ms. Havisham, looking like Pip, Estella, and Jaggers, gets a feeling of mutilation from her bolted up emotions. From quite a while ago, she was relinquished by her fianc? at the special raised area on her big day. Incidentally, the elderly person, so startled of being distant from everyone else, estranges herself from most human contact. After the ghastliness of her adoration's takeoff, she doesn't permit anything in the house to change. Wedding cake despite everything sits on tables, times out of the blue halted at the specific time that she was abandoned, and she lives previously and denies what's to come. Urgently, she wilts away cadaver like (Great 54) in isolation. To a great extent through Joe, Warwick, Herbert, Wemmick and Wopsle, Pip figures out how to frame powers of profound devotion. Bound to Estella through his love for her, he doesn't understand her prodding games. She doesn't appear to show similar sentiments towards him, however he accepts that he will win her feelings. This relationship develops into the annihilation of Pip, yet his dread of existing in withdrawal keeps his defenseless, steady fascination consuming. This spot of destiny discovers Pip unfortunately and searchingly needing (Sucksmith 186). Dickens recommends that foundation, similar to adore, will gain respectability just if genuine. Shown in Oliver Twist, is the feeling that genuine worry for individuals stays in people, not in organizations. From the earliest starting point, in the halfway house, Oliver was the Carter 4 object of individuals' generosity. He got food, attire, and safe house, yet lived in terrible conditions and

Air Safety Systems And Investigation Example

Air Safety Systems And Investigation Example Air Safety Systems And Investigation â€" Essay Example > Air Systems Safety and InvestigationGroup System Structure by ICAOThe group system structure by the ICAO is made up of various investigators as well as supporting specialists. According to IACO manual, any aircraft accident investigation should be directed and managed by participants in a group with defined areas of responsibility. The specialty cases have to include their expertise and reliance from the rest of the members as their application demands are of greater value into the process. There have to be defined aspects of organizational structure in the whole team, accountability of all the members and respective roles, policies that guide on the stages of development as well as procedures to be followed (Wood and Segwinis, 2006). ICAO defines the investigation process with systematic and explicit approach of dealing with the required roles and undertaken measures for the best achievable results. All the specific details within the group’s structure and system have to be ava iled beforehand and relied upon every progress. Composition of the group system structure by ICAO depends on the requirements of the process, size of the involved aircraft organization as well as the extent of the accident with ramifications spreading to the entire management. In a simple organization, the division can be enabled with two groups such as operations and engineering. The operations are concerned with the behavior and professionalism of the involved personnel in the aircraft. Engineering on the other hand ill ensure that the functionality of the involved aircraft is analyzed before and after the accident. Dekker (2007) notes that a complex investigation will require greater emphasis on the subdivision of the responsibilities within the group especially with the individualized aspects like engines, structures, human factors, interviews of the witnesses, services of the air traffic and the like. The understanding and teamwork should be the catalyst of the process. Compo nents and SpecialtiesThe components of the group system are classified into the various operational units. In the first personnel basis, the chief investigator of accidents is top most officials, while other members encompass the groups. The investigator in charge, who may or not be the Chief Investigator, communications and control, accredited representative state of registry, senior police officer, and media liaison are all part of the group. In addition, airworthiness authority, accredited representative state of manufacture, participants from other state comprise the yielded team. The duty of the group and its personnel is to ensure that the investigative process is achieved with the highest standards of professionalism, accountability and jurisprudence is followed (Schubert, 2009). The personnel members involved in the respective groups are briefed on the set objectives and goals of achievement in the process, as the demand for speedy reports and finalization is needed. At the second level of group and personnel organization, operational groups form the decentralized system units for the structure’s formation. They might comprise part or whole of the set units by ICAO standards and requirements. The operations group focuses on the review of the conduct of the actual flight operation, company pilot, manufacturer and the state registry roles in the accidents. The witness group ensures that all records of what was seen or heard is relevant. The structure group takes charge of the investigator, manufacture’s representative, advisor to the manufacturers and to the rules required. According to Krause (2009), the ATC is concerned with the radar issues connected to the incidents of independent ATS officer while the weather group accounts for the operation demands in the lead up to any interference that might have caused the accident. The final group that can be included with personnel is the power plant it is concerned with the engineering mechanisms as co nditioned by investigator, engine manufacturer’s representative, adviser to the state as well as the manufacturer.

Dont You Dare Give Up Dantes Divine Comedy Essay

â€Å"The man who lies asleep/will never waken fame...† (Canto 24). It has been said that life can never be carried out and truly lived to its fullest unless there has been some sort of suffering and pain. Mistakes are to be learned from, and a hard past can only result in a stronger present. Though many might find themselves alone in their misery the truth is they are not, everyone has struggles. We all have our ups and downs, but it is how we react to them that truly matters. Life is life and no matter what, giving up on lifelong dreams and aspirations because of a few bumps in the road should never be an option. These lines can be interpreted in various ways, according to that person’s standards. In this case, the critique of canto 24 and†¦show more content†¦Obviously, the necessity to be received unto Heaven is the bigger dream for our man, Dante. Being at the pits of Hell may have put him into different perspective of life and other’s opinions. How ever, Dante is letting his fear and immense probability of his dreams get the better hand on him. â€Å"Call upon the strength of soul that wins all battles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Canto 24). This leads us to the troubles being worth everything in the end. Third, our Dante may not see ahead, the dread and horrors of Hell have crowded his thoughts, but Virgil is trying to explain how Heaven is worth the experience of Hell. Values and principles will serve as roots that will give Dante nourishment when the storms of adversity (Hell) pound against him. The horrors of the damned; viewing their punishments could put the strongest morale man down on his knees, begging for mercy. Our Virgil can see the reward of staying strong on your path. â€Å"There is a longer ladder yet to climb/show that you mean to profit from your time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Canto 24). For everyone, the troubles you experience; if you stay strong, it will be worth the money in the end. Well, worth the sweet paradise of Heaven. In conclusion, never give up, stay strong, and the reward in the end is worth everything; in a critique according to Dante’s Inferno, Canto 24 lines 46-57. A person truly does not know how strong one is until they are faced with such disaster and misfortune, and being strong becomes theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Explication of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock1356 Words   |  6 PagesLove Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Prufrock begins his â€Å"Love† song with a peculiar quote from Dante’s Divine Comedy. It reads: â€Å"If I believed that my answer were to a person who could ever return to the world, this flame would no longer quiver. But because no one ever returned from this depth, if what I hear is true, without fear of infamy, I answer you.† In the Divine Comedy these lines are spoken by a damned soul who had sought absolution before committing a crime. I think that

The Pioneering Exploration Of The Caribbean Islands By...

Introduction The pioneering exploration of the Caribbean Islands by Christopher Columbus led to the first European contact of Taino Indians in that region. This encounter resulted in the Taino Indians being traded, yet opened the South Atlantic and Caribbean for future exploration and eventual colonization. The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus’ kicked off his legacy. Find the Funds Columbus had a different idea: Why not sail west across the Atlantic instead of around the massive African continent? The young navigator’s logic was sound, but his math was faulty. He argued (incorrectly) that the circumference of the Earth was much smaller than his contemporaries believed it was; accordingly, he believed that the journey by boat from†¦show more content†¦On his first trip, Columbus led an expedition with three ships, the Nià ±a (captained by Vicente Yà ¡Ãƒ ±ez Pinzà ³n), the Pinta (owned and captained by Martin Alonzo Pinzon), and the Santa Maria (captained by Columbus), and about 90 crew members. They set sail on Aug. 3, 1492 from Palos, Spain. (EnchantedLearning) Once underway, Columbus benefited from calm seas and steady winds that pushed him steadily westward (Columbus had discovered the southern Trades that in the future would fuel the sailing ships carrying goods to the New World). However, the trip was long, longer than anticipated by either Columbus or his crew. In order to mollify his crew s apprehensions, Columbus kept two sets of logs: one showing the true distance traveled each day and one showing a lesser distance. The first log was kept secret. The latter log quieted the crew s anxiety by under-reporting the true distance they had traveled from their homeland. This deception had only a temporary effect; by October 10 the crew s apprehension had increased to the point of near mutiny. Columbus headed off disaster by promising his crew that if land was not sighted in two days, they would return home. The next day land was discovered.(EyeWitness to History.com) Even though it took a while to find something they actually found land and even more. Find Everything On October 11, 1492, spotted the Caribbean islands off southeastern North America. They landed on an island they called

Modern Artists and philosophers Free Essays

Appropriate of all the choices we have at hand. However the instruments we use to define and determine our perception of our world have been leading man on in his quest for knowledge and science has been one of the key elements of this movement. But when looking at the history of the development, one comes to a degree of understanding regarding the evolution of scientific knowledge where one realizes that man has never actually been able to be sure of the legitimacy of his knowledge regarding the world around him (Time Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Artists and philosophers or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 1965). Being modified under the most minute of observations and being based upon an infinite process of observations and experimentations has rendered science incapable of bringing man to peace with the world within which he lives. The outward appearance and the elements of the world that constitute it do not blend with each other. But interestingly, subjects of the non-scientific genre such as poetry and philosophy have begun to take the lead in this process of evolution of the perception man hold regarding the world around him (Heelan, 1989). Modern Artists and philosophers have contributed extensively to the cause. So much so that their work has reached well beyond the realm of the mind of the layman and requires delving into in order to be fully understood. The relationship between mind and body has now become even clearer than it was in the past as the scales of reliance of one upon the other have shifted. Modern philosophy has brought the mind of man to be the central element of his existence rather than the body. The body brings man to the elements around him, but it is his mind that allows man to reach a state where he can perceive their existence. The entities that appear to be based on their attributes and properties are in fact, not merely based on their attributes but it is these very attributes that give them existence, and for the same reason, it can be concluded that these attributes indeed, are the very entity itself. Similarly, the perception of the space around man and all the elements present in space is also a subject matter that has undergone much debate and continues to be analyzed. In, the constituents of the universe each object has its own individual characteristics and attributes that make it an entity. However, the issues of whether the entity is based upon its unique attributes or the attributes together have a relationship amongst each other and come together to form the entity has been a much contested question. Over time philosophers have come to a point where it has been determined that the relationship between man and the entities in his universe amongst which he lives is not a matter so straightforward to comprehend. It is indeed nothing less than a breath taking sense of revelation that elates a person when one looks at the extent to which the perception of man about his world has evolved. From considering the entities around him to be mere instruments that are part of the universe and serve only a secondary role to that of man, philosophers have come to a point where the entities that surround man are regarded to hold just as much significance as man himself holds. Works Cited Heelan, P. (1989). Space-Perception and the Philosophy of Science. University of California Press. Time Inc. (1965, May 7). The Limitations of Science. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from TIME: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898761,00. html How to cite Modern Artists and philosophers, Papers

Project Management and Agile Scrum Methodologies

Questions: 1. Description that Compares the Mentioned Certificates2. Whether there are multiple Certification in each organizations and comparing the ones that are most relevant to other certifications3. Comparing the ones that are most relevant to other certification4. Comparison of the Agile Tools for Scrum and an inclusion on how they relate to Agile Answers: 1. Description that Compares the Mentioned Certificates There exist a number of certifications which are normally awarded to an individual after achieving certain academic qualifications. These qualifications in most cases cover a wide variety of career options (Blankenship et al, 2011). The major certifications that this task will explore are those of Project Management and Agile Scrum methodologies. The subject includes the following; PMI- ACP, Scrum Alliance (CSM, CPO), Scrum.org and finally that of Safe (Castillo, 2016). These particular certifications play a significant role when it comes to the field of project management and agile scrum methodologies. Researchers have also noted with keen concern, that the certifications in context have many similarities as opposed to the differences that exist among them. This can also be viewed in terms of comparisons and contrasts that may occur in the subject. With regards to the comparisons that occur among the certification in context, it is realized that employers consider them as new fashion. This forms our first comparison as far as the discussion is concerned. Many employers and companies prefer employing employees who are vast with these certifications since they believe in the certifications expertise. On the same note, the second comparison is on the basis that there is an undertaking of examinations for one to be awarded the certifications. For example, both the certification of PMI- ACP and Scrum.org has been debated by great intellectuals from the field of project management and agile scrum methodologies to offer great examinations. The examinations are reffered to as great because the concept or ideas are precisely presented. Other than there precise nature, they also take note of professionalism which ensures that an individual with these certifications is competent (Cobb, 2011). In continuation, Scrum Alliance (CSM, CPO) and Safe are also argued to be amongst the group of the most famous certification. They also apply the concept of examination just like the mentioned two in the previous sentences. The only contrast that they offer is on the examination methodology but that does not overrule the exam similarity (Goldstein, 2014). For the two, there is an administration of a standard course and then an exam is given as the final assessment. There exams usually seem to be very easy but critics have advised against this fact, they argue that, in most cases those exams are usually tricky and may not be easy to pass. The final comparison is on the issue of finance of the certification. Not even a single of the mentioned certification is offered for free. All of them are usually paid for. There may only be a slight contrast on how much is paid for each but all are paid for. Going back to the certification of PMI- ACP, it is regarded as one of the most expensive certification. An amount of about $ 400 to $ 450 is paid for it. Apart from it, there is also the Scrum Alliance (CSM, CPO) which charges almost at the same level as the latter. Among the four certifications in question, it is only that of Scrum.org that charges a fair fee of around $ 130 to $ 180. The fact still remains unaltered that they share a great comparison in that all of them are offered at a fee and none is offered for free (Moreira, 2013). 2. Whether there are multiple Certification in each organizations and comparing the ones that are most relevant to other certifications It is arguable that there are chances of an existence of more than one certification in an organization. In some, cases certifications may exist as multiple. A concept that has been greatly discouraged by a number of experts for the reason that every certification has got its on specialized areas and may not easily interchange with one other or may not correlate well to an organization (Rubin, 2012). The certifications which can exist as multiple to an individual organization include those of scrum alliance and scrum.org. The two are argued to be similar since in both, one can easily manage to pass the exams administered for them. Since srum.org is not very expensive, it can be easy for an individual to combine it with scrum agile which is quite expensive. Most organizations therefore prefer picking a number of employees with the certifications in question to improve for the organizational output. It is out of these concept that it is conclude that both scrum.org and scrum agile certification can exist in one organization (Sutherland, 2014). 3. Comparing the ones that are most relevant to other certification Nevertheless, among the two certifications in context, Scrum agile certification is also seen as having great comparisons with other certifications that have not been mentioned previously in the subsequent paragraphs but are within the scope of project management and agile scrum methodologies. The other certification that compares with this certification is that of DSDM foundation and practitioner. This is majorly argued as mentioned because they both originate from agile methodologies and DSDM Atern. 4. Comparison of the Agile Tools for Scrum and an inclusion on how they relate to Agile Project Manager There exist a great number of the agile tools for scrum which plays a vital role to the life of a project manager. These agile tools include the following; rally, scrimmage, pivotal tracker, yodiz and ax soft among others (SWQD et al, 2015). For the purpose of the question in context, we will only dwell on four of these tools and their comparisons, and even the role that they offer to the agile project manager. The first discussion will be on pivotal tracker. Pivotal tracker It is regarded as a tool of the agile for scrum with the view of group priorities. This is because it offers much collaborations and analyses organizational progress. It compares with other tools because like the rest; it depends upon them for great organizational output. All the agile tools for scrum mainly prioritize on organizational improvement, so is pivotal tracker. This tool is also important to a project manager since it assist the manager in making analysis of the overall organizational progress. The second tool is on Atlassian (Schwaber, 2009). Atlassian The subject agile tool for scrum compares with other tools since it supports agile methodologies. It does not offer discrimination to any of the methodologies, be it scrum, kanban or any of a unique flavor. This tool is important to the project manager since it offers wide variety of concepts that acts as pillar stones to methodologies used in organizational management. The third tool is on Yodiz. Yodiz The particular agile tool for scrum in question is known for supporting the management of product backlog. It brings on board teamwork that is vital to organizational management. The tool compares with other tools because it also offers assistance to organizational pillars just like those of Atlassian among others. It is also important to a project manager because it natures to the manager the importance of teamwork as a way of managing management of an organization. The final agile tool for scrum with regards to the question is that of scrumwise. Scrumwise This tool is regarded as the easiest and also fastest agile tool for scrum. It is usually enjoyable when put into practice. Scrumwise as an agile tool and also compares greatly with other tools, the comparison comes in the context where, it also helps in organizational backlog management and even realizing planning (Webb, 2015). These are key concerns that have been noted in other discussed previous tools like Yodiz. Finally, the tool is important to the project manager since it equips the managers with the necessary knowledge backlog management and planning realizations. References Blankenship, J., Bussa, M., Millett, S., Lewis, R., Foggon, D. (2011). Pro Agile .NET development with Scrum. New York: Apress. Castillo, F. (2016). Managing Information Technology. Cobb, C. G. (2011). Making sense of agile project management: Balancing control and agility. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Goldstein, I. (2014). Scrum shortcuts without cutting corners: Agile tactics, tools tips. Moreira, M. E. (2013). Being agile: Your roadmap to successful adoption of agile. New York: Apress. Pham, A., Pham, P.-V. (2012). Scrum in action: Agile software project management and development. Boston, MA: Course Technology. Rubin, K. S. (2012). Essential Scrum: A practical guide to the most popular agile process. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. Schwaber, K. (2009). Agile Project Management with Scrum. New York: O'Reilly Media, Inc. Sutherland, J. V. (2014). Scrum: The art of doing twice the work in half the time. New York: Crown Business. SWQD (Conference), In Winkler, D., In Biffl, S., In Bergsmann, J. (2015). Software quality: The future of systems- and software development : 8th International Conference, SWQD 2016, Vienna, Austria, January 18-21, 2016, Proceedings. Webb, A. (2015). Agile Project Management Methodology for Beginners: Scrum Project Management for Beginners.

Hero and Leander Story Summary Essay Example

Hero and Leander Story Summary Paper This story began with Hero living in States and Leander living in Abodes. Now Hero was said to have had Apollo and Cupid try to get her hand in marriage, but she didnt marry either of them. Instead she became a priestess for Venus. One day Hero had to give Venus honor and it was also the day that Leander was in States as well that day. When the two saw each other they fell in love at first sight. Heros parents forbade her to see Leander, but neither of them wanted that to happen. They set up codes to know when to meet each other. At night Hero would light a lantern and put it at the top of the tower of the temple, then Leander would swim the Hells point, they would see each other for an hour or so then go back to their respective homes. But one night Hero put up her lantern to signal Leander to swim to her. One thing she didnt now was coming was a storm that arrived Just after he embarked on his Journey to her. The strong winds blew out the lantern so Leander had nothing to follow to find Hero. Instead of swimming to safety, he swam out to sea. The storm was too much for him to handle so he eventually perished in the storm. We will write a custom essay sample on Hero and Leander Story Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hero and Leander Story Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hero and Leander Story Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay Example

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay Example Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay In 1492. Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean bearing the name of the Spanish Crown in hopes that he had landed in the Indies of Asia utilizing a direct sea path. Though that is non where he landed. his New World was a topographic point of great wealth. new stuffs and harvests. new beginning of labour. and new land for the European states. The effects for the native people of the Americas were much worse with lay waste toing decease tolls. captivity. new diseases and racialist attitudes towards them. Though it would non be just to state that the Europeans did non portion in negative effects or that the autochthonal people did non derive any advantages. The greatest negative effects for the Europeans due to the European enlargement are a annihilating economic revolution. and the debut of the genital disease Syphilis. Once the Spanish began to mine the cherished ores of America the wealth of Spain underwent a major transmutation. Demanding one-fifth of all net income. the Crown became vastly rich and this showed in their influence on the remainder of Europe. visual perception that other states now lacked the material wealth of Spain. Throughout this clip of great wealth the population rose steadily in Spain. With population addition. came an increased demand for nutrient and ware. Spain had expelled a big sum of their skilled husbandmans. workers. merchandisers and business communities during the Inquisition when they cleansed their state of the Judaic and Moslem people. Along with the demand in Spain. the demand for Spanish and European merchandises in the Americas besides became difficult to maintain up with. With the ever-increasing inflow of Ag bullion the monetary values in Spain began to lift and the rising prices quadrupled the monetary values of everything within 30 old ages. In 1556. Martin de Azpilcueta Navarro. a Spanish canon attorney. writes about the inflow of American Ag as the cause of the rising prices. We see by experience that in France. where money is scarcer than in Spain. staff of life. vino. fabric. and labor are deserving much less. And even in Spain. in times when money was scarcer. salable goods and labor were given for really much less than after the find of the Indies. which flooded the state with gold and Ag. The ground for this is that money is worth more where and when it is scarce than where and when it is abundant. Along with this. the Spanish male monarch Philip II spent more money on outside endeavors to decline his states debt. When necessitating to pay his debt to other states. he besides paid in silver bullion distributing the rising prices to the remainder of Europe. The find of the Americas led Europe to rising prices and increased monetary values and Spain to about complete debt by the 17th century. Besides Ag and gold. the native people of the Americas passed Syphilis on to the Spanish who came to settle at that place. In five twelvemonth clip. Syphilis had spread to Russia from the European Atlantic seashore. Though it could non be proven. Syphilis is thought to hold originated in Espaniola because no grounds of Syphilis exists in Europe before 1493. These unfastened sores. furuncles. and achings in the articulations caused tormenting strivings to many Europeans due to this rapidly widespread genital disease. The lone proven effectual manner to handle Syphilis was from imbibing the poached bark of the guaiacum tree which merely grew in Espaniola. Though no exact Numberss were calculated for Syphilis it could non be compared to the decease tolls that the European diseases left on the Indian populations. In a period of 130 old ages. something like 95 per centum of all Native Americans died of disease. That figure is far greater than experts ( until late ) had of all time suspected. The Native Americans who survived the pestilences were. of class. wholly demoralised and depressed by this enormous loss of their loved 1s. of their life style. and of their ancient civilization. ( Bib 2. ) The 95 percent population loss of the Natives was reeling compared to likely one per centum decease caused by Syphilis. Thus though Syphilis was a negative effect of European enlargement it proved minor comparison to the Indigenous peoples loss due to European disease. Besides new harvests and animate beings the autochthonal people were introduced to new faiths. medical specialties and ways of life that helped better themselves. Christian religion was introduced to the autochthonal people thanks to really fervent Catholicity from the Spanish and Lusitanian. These Christians taught of love. equality and a Eden after decease for those who acted good on Earth. For many autochthonal people this faith called to them and they were converted. Those who did non change over voluntarily were either forced to change over or killed. The native people really became really passionate about this faith and even followed spiritual philosophies more closely than the Spanish conquistadors. The indigens began to distribute peace and love as a bigger philosophy than district contending which shows how faith was a positive result from European enlargement. New engineering and medical specialty helped more efficaciously bring around the local people and brought new visible radiation to the subject. In Pre-Colombian times the Indian populations would come to the ailing and remain by their side through unwellness therefore likely catching the unwellness themselves. the Europeans taught to insulate the sick and better medical specialties to handle them. The lives that new medical specialties saved in the Americas is unmeasurable but likely still make non compare to the lives lost from European diseases. New engineerings such as guns. steel and seafaring equipment helped construct stronger arms than the 1s antecedently possessed by Indians. and a new stuff from which objects could be made. Very strong steel could be used to do protection from blades and blades themselves therefore strengthening autochthonal peoples’ ability to do arms. protect themselves. and Hunt. Many 1000s of things brought from Europe helped do autochthonal life better such as tapers to illume the dark and paper so writing and linguistic communication could be better developed. Though much understated there were many positive results from European enlargement to the autochthonal people of the Americas and even a few negative results for the Europeans themselves. More frequently than non. when speaking about the European enlargement into America. the Europeans seem to acquire much better wagess from their enlargement. And they really did. They reaped much higher wagess from their conquering of the Americas than the autochthonal people. yet it can non be forgotten that both peoples’ had multiple sides to their additions and losingss due to European enlargement. Bibliography Quotes: { draw: frame } 1. Why were Native Americans so vulnerable to European diseases? ( article ) . Articles on how to experience good more frequently and acquire more done. Web. 10 Oct. 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youmeworks. com/why_native_americans. hypertext markup language. Galloway. J. H. The Sugar Cane Industry An Historical Geography from its Beginnings to 1914 ( Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography ) . New York: Cambridge UP. 2005. Print. American Indian yesteryear and nowadays. Norman: University of Oklahoma. 2008. Print. Other Information: Spanish colonisation of the Americas . Wikipedia. the free encyclopaedia. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas. Native Americans in the United States – European colonisation. Spiritus-Temporis. com – Historical Events. Latest News. News Archives. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. spiritus-temporis. com/native-americans-in-the-united-states/european-colonization. hypertext markup language.

The Application of Such in the Nursing Context Research Paper - 7

The Application of Such in the Nursing Context - Research Paper Example The definition of additional [specialized] training in this context refers to the extra skills which one can go for. These can be twofold; either related to the nursing skills earlier acquired, or totally different from nursing. All in all these skills add up to make the nurse a better professional with added advantages when it comes to completion. These additional skills may be specializing in specific nursing sub-categories (nursing is wide), furthering their level of education, or learning side skills such as healthy living or business skills. The first additional skill that a nurse can acquire is directly in their related field, and that is simply by furthering their nursing knowledge beyond the basic training offered to nurses. Normally, a nurse will qualify to work after they attain a three-year nursing degree (Nazarko 17). Such nurses are general, that is, they do not have any particular specialities. They, therefore, perform the general roles of nursing such as caring for pat ients, instructing them on medical issues, providing personalized care, and all other practices of upholding good health. A nurse may, however, decide to further their nursing skills by pursuing higher certifications such as Bachelor of Science Degrees, then further into masters, PhD, or doctrines in nursing. Those who attain such certifications become ready to be absorbed into the job market, which is ever expanding in terms of higher-skilled labour. These qualifications place one above the basic entry-level nurse. Additionally, a qualified nurse may focus on other speciality options which are multiple in the offering.

Organizational Theory and Design Questions Coursework

Organizational Theory and Design Questions - Coursework Example 2. The top management of the organization is responsible for formulating the organizational vision and explicitly defining the purpose by setting mission goals. However, they act as torch bearers for the whole organization by designing a set of periodical goals to support the overall purpose of the organization or vision. 3. The employees of an organization are classified into hierarchies that determine their chain of command, report authority and job descriptions. And organizational structure defines who delegates tasks and who reports them to whom. The structure can be vertical or horizontal. A vertical structure implicates a number of levels of management and reporting trends that slows the decision making process. The horizontal hierarchy is less formal and promotes creativity and quicker decision making. 4. Environmental uncertainty is attributed to changing economic conditions and policies, changes in the social trends and the advent of disruptive technologies. The greatest impact is that of economic change as it impacts nearly every aspect of the organizational working. The environment represents the surroundings in which the firm operates in and hence the stability of this environment is necessary for organizational progress. 5. The business eco system implies that organizations work in collaboration with other businesses and value chain members in order to increase productivity and ensure survival. For example car manufacturers partner with other companies like tire makers and stereo manufacturers to come up with a wholesome car that is well equipped. 6. Global geographical structure is advisable when the organization has the capability to venture into multiple locations. Geographical structure also supports the product customization options by giving the local managers the opportunity to enhance the product according to the need of the market. The local managers also provide a better understanding of the location increasing

Apples Product Development and Marketing Strategy

Apples Product Development and Marketing Strategy With the development of technology at high speed, particularly in the field of electronic products, some companies have launched brilliant products which are full of imagination and creativity. These products are exercising an invisible and formative influence on society. Among these products, the series of products from Apple Inc. (previously Apple Computer, Inc.) may be some of the most noticeable ones. Apple Inc., whose products have attracted peoples attention all over the world and have occupied considerable market share in global range, is one of the most successful international company currently. According to the statistics from NPD group, in the term of premium personal computer, Mac, which is the name of a series of Apples PC, revenue market share was 91 percent on June 2009. (Wilcox 2009). This consequence can be attributed to two major reasons: Apples product development and Apples extensive marketing (Schumacher 2009). In the meanwhile, Apples success affects society in two aspects, namely fashion style and changing peoples habits. This essay will expand the reasons mentioned above to analysis why Apple have achieved huge success worldwide, and then illustrate the positive effects on society owing to Apples products. Due to the success of Apple Inc. and its contribution to society, I would like to consider that Apple Inc. is one of the most outstanding companies at present age. Key Reasons for Apples Success Admittedly, the reasons which may bring about Apples success are various, nevertheless this essay mainly propose two most important reasons. Of major consideration is Apples product line, which is assuredly responsible for Apples success. Specifically, there are four sub reasons, which are constantly improving, innovative product line (Kingsley-Hughes 2009); simple design and user interface; high quality components; coherent hardware and software (Schumacher 2009), relevant to Apples product development. Apples product development First of all, Apples product line encompasses a series of brilliant and distinctive products, such as Mac (Macintosh), iPod, iPhone and iPad; and in the mean time the designers of Apple Inc. are improving and innovating on their product line constantly. Innovative spirit of Apple Inc. has been approved across the world. In 2005, Boston Consulting Group held a poll whose is called Top 20 Innovative Companies in the World, and collected the statistical data from 940 senior executives in 68 countries. The result of this investigation revealed that Apple Inc. was appraised as the most innovative company in the world and accounted for 24.84% of the entire vote (Nussbaum 2005). For example, iPod, as one of the representative product of Apple, was launched in 2001. Initially, although it attracted consumer attention, it only supported the Macintosh operation system, which meant that it could only be used on Macintosh computers and lost many other users who used windows operation system. The n, in 2002, Apple Inc. launched the second generation of iPod, which began to support Windows OS. As a result, iPod became more widely popular with both Macintosh and Windows users. Three years later, a new generation of iPod, which can play not only audio files but also video files, was launched on 12th October 2005. Moreover, for users convenience, the battery life was longer than before. In 2007, the newest generation with larger capacity which can store up to 4000 songs or 100 movies, was launched. (Identifying iPod models 2010) During the process of iPods development, we can see that Apple Inc. is improving their products constantly and adding innovative elements on the products to offer distinctive and unique user experience. The second element, which is considered to be relevant to Apples products, is their simple design style and friendly user interface. To take a panoramic view of Apples product line, whether an iPod, an iPhone or an iPad, they retain the simple design consistently. There are only a few buttons and different parts embedded into Apples products. The appearance of these products is one whole piece of technology and has no splicing traces on them. The simple user interface is a distinctive character, as well. For instance, an iPhone have no different submenus or other ways to display the menu, it is easy for users to reach the function which they want to use directly and avoid unnecessary confusion (Schumacher 2009). Thirdly, high quality components could lead to the success of Apples products. These products do not tend to integrate newest hardware and offer highest available capacities. That is to say, Apples products use suitable components to provide suitable functions, which ensure these products can run stably. For example, although there may be only have a 2 mega pixel camera integrated into an iPhone and this camera could not satisfy any user to take photos, the moment it is necessary for people to take a picture, the camera is ready and gives full scope to photography. (Schumacher 2009) Finally, the cohesion of hardware and software brings the success of Apples products. Apple Inc. not only focuses on developing the hardware but also developing the software, which enhances the performances of these products. For example, in order to improve iPods performances and provide convenience to users, Apple Inc. developed the software named iTunes, which is a software supporting a Mac or a PC. It arranges and plays audio and video files on a computer. Moreover, all media stored on a computer can be synchronized with an iPod, an iPhone and an iPad. In the meantime, it is a digital store on a computer and other apples products with a large quantity of music and movies (What is iTunes? n.d.). Additionally, iTune is updated on Apples website regularly, so that users can use newest version to enhance their iPods. In brief, Apple Inc. insists on improving and innovating on the product line to develop brilliant products constantly. And these products offer friendly user interface and simple design style for users who can operate these products easily. Moreover, high quality components are integrated into Apples products to enhance their performance. In addition, Apples Inc. develops software to support their products in order to providing convenience to users. Therefore, Apples product development is the basis of Apples success. Apples s marketing Assuredly, Apples product development is a necessary premise to Apples success. On the other side, Apples extensive marketing plays an important role as well. Apples marketing strategies can be summarized as two primary sides. One is advertising; the other is the communication style. Firstly, the success of Apples market could be caused by Apples advertising strategy. The slogans for Apples products can be seen in almost every place, such as in the streets, at the bus stops and on the large screens of squares. With Apples products, the slogans are creative and attractive, for instance, The first music player that talks to you (iPod shuffle n.d.) and Soon there will be 2 kinds of people. Those who use computers, and those who use Apples (Alex 2006). Due to these dense and eye-catching advertising with memorable slogans, Apples products are deeply rooted among the people quickly and accepted by people. Secondly, one of the most brilliant points of Apples marketing strategies is the communication style. Midgley and Midgley decribe a successful communication style as Golden Circle in the following words: If a company aligns itself with the customers values and consistently delivers its product or service in accordance with those values, then the customer will consistently utilize the companys offering. Consistent utilization of a companys offering will ensure a healthy top line. A healthy top line, in turn, produces healthy cash flow. (Midgley and Midgley 2005, 6) Apple Inc. is performing this kind of communication described in Midgley and Midgleys book. Apple Inc. develops their products based on consumers requirements and values, and then transmits its ideas and service to consumers in various ways. For example, in Apples stores all over the world there are lecturers propagating their products and explain why these products are consistent with consumers requirements and values. Besides the open lectures, Apple stores hold a series of events regularly to show the brilliant ideas integrated into Apples products. Via the interaction between Apple Inc. and consumers, how Apples products satisfy consumers values is accepted by consumers in global scope. There is a diagram about the golden circle theory, which illustrates the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. vividly. According to the description in the figure below, Why, How and What means Beliefs, Tactics and Results, respectively (Gartland 2010). At first, Apple Inc. establishes the beliefs to meet consumers values, and then it realizes the beliefs via the development of its products. At last, Apples products are world wildly accepted by consumers. Therefore, Apple Inc. communicates with users in an inside-out way which is a remarkable way and has achieved huge success across the world in marketing. Figure1: the golden circle Source: (Gartland 2010) In sum, Apples products infiltrate into peoples daily life via dense advertising, and these products, which benefit from the communication style of Apple Inc, are accepted by people. Hence, the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. are another key reason that brings about its success. Effects on Society The reasons mentioned above have led to Apples success. Two consequences may emerge, owing to Apples success, which are fashion style and changing peoples habits. Fashion Style With the increasing popularity with Apples products, an iPod or an iPhone is not only an mp3 player or a mobile phone but also a fashion symbol. Especially an iPod has become a synonym for an mp3 player. Lavey described the effects of Apples products on fashionable style as the words below: After the iMac came out, suddenly things werent cool if the product name didnt have a lower-case i in it, and the word pod after the iPod became popular. (Lavey 2009) Thus, the names of Apples products have become fashionable words. Moreover, the exquisite and simple design style has also become the world trends being pursued by people. Changing Peoples Habits Another effect brought by Apples products is the change of peoples habits. The Nike/iPod Sport Kit (Nike + iPod n.d.) is a typical example. It can track individual exercise performance of jogging and verbally report their results the moment users have progress. So that users can supervise their pace and distance circumstantially. While people usually use a stop watch record the total time they have run and then roughly calculate their average speed before using the Nike/iPod Sport Kit. Following this further, people used to prefer jogging with partners in order to motivating each other; however, it is not easy to find a partner who runs at the similar pace and duration (Shannon, Florian 2007). In order to resolve this problem, a piece of research was conducted in 2006 and showed that technology is helpful to motivate people to be active and allow for social communication (Consolvo et al. 2006). The Nike/iPod Sport Kit has realized the research theory because of the interaction betwee n users and it. Therefore, according to the example mentioned above, we can see that Apples products have changed peoples habits in some aspects. Conclusion In conclusion, Apples product development and its extensive marketing have resulted in the success of Apple Inc. As a premise factor of the success, Apple Inc. persists in developing innovative products with friendly user interface and simple design style. Moreover, high quality components integrated into Apples products ensure the stable performance. In addition, coherent software and hardware of these products provide more convenience to users. Besides brilliant products, the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. are remarkable as well. peoples daily life is infiltrated by Intensive advertising of Apple Inc. and then its communication style is also approved by consumers in global range. Owing to the success, Apple Inc. have guided a new fashion style and changed peoples habits in some fields. Therefore, it is evidently reasonable to consider that Apple Inc. is one of most outstanding companies in the world currently.

Before Breakfast

O’Neill, the master playwright, portrays strong, interesting characters with equally strong emotions in his plays. His play, ‘Before Breakfast’, deals with an exasperated woman confronting her husband’s joblessness and infidelity.This is a short play in the form of a monologue by the woman, Mrs. Rowland. Mrs. Rowland jabbers all through the play expressing desperation, anger, agony, and sheer disgust at her husband, Alfred’s penniless nature. Her full-throttled criticisation of Alfred’s ways leads to the denouement of the play—Alfred’s suicide. Character analysis of Mrs.Rowland The description of Mrs. Rowland’s small house in the beginning of the play portrays poverty. Mrs. Rowland wakes up tired and bitter. Her irritation is so intense that she goes to the extent of damning her apron whose strings refuse to oblige her in knotting up. In fact, the very first word that Mrs. Rowland speaks in the novel is â€Å"Damn†. It is from here that her character builds up. It was a fine day, â€Å"It is about eight-thirty in the morning of a fine, sunshiny day in the early fall,† but ironically did not seem to have any effect on Mrs. Rowland’s temper.Her demeanor is not at all pleasing, her hair is stuck up in a â€Å"drab colored mass†, her â€Å"shapeless stoutness accentuated by her formless blue dress† which is also â€Å"shabby and worn† speak volumes about her. This is hardly expected of a young woman in her early twenties. Even as her ranting of Alfred begins, we understand that she is definitely not the timid type of woman. She rebukes him in the most unrestrained manner. She had been working not just for one, but for both the people in the family. She had been contributing to the family in whatever small means she can.While he had been whiling away his time in poetry and in ‘playing the gentleman and loafing around barrooms with that good-for-nothing lot o f artists from the Square’, she had been working very hard. Even as Mrs. Rowland does regular household work like sweeping and cleaning, she doesn’t fail to rebuke him for dropping cigarette butts and ashes all over the floor. Her attitude borders on feminism advocating her opinion on the ground of equality of sexes. Why she only borders on feminism is because she does the job and doesn’t necessarily hand him over the broom to sweep the floor.This point is further accentuated when she tells him that she was making coffee for both. Yet to show her protest in some manner, she tells him that she wasn’t going to wait for him. Mrs. Rowland’s frustration towards his lackadaisical manner is so severe that she complains loudly of everything he does. Is she taking advantage of Alfred’s silence? She only seems capable of complaining, without having any effect on Alfred’s attitude or manner. Mrs. Rowland had developed a profound hatred towards h er husband. She suspects him of infidelity and hence stealthily searches his pockets for some kind of evidence.She pockets the letter from one ‘Helen’ addressed to her husband to later on pick a quarrel with him on that. She vociferously defends this act of hers by telling Alfred that she was his wife and hence had every right to read his letters. While she constantly voices her rights as an equal, the lines, â€Å"How about Helen? (She starts back from the doorway, half frightened)† show that she isn’t such a bold woman as she projects herself to be. Mrs. Rowland shows utmost contempt for her husband. She calls him a fool to have pawned the watch, calls him lazy to stay in bed all the time, and calls him incapable of getting a job for himself.She tells him that all he does is write â€Å"silly† poetries and short stories all day which â€Å"no one will buy†. She is quite proud of her capabilities when she says that, â€Å"I notice I can alw ays get a position, such as it is; and it's only that which keeps us from starving to death. † Well, well, is this what is ‘woman power’? It makes us wonder if Alfred were to respond to any of her remarks or if he were to shout back at her for being so loud, will she have continued in this manner? She would have, since she refers to the fight that they have had the previous night where Alfred made a â€Å"beast† of himself.She simply cannot forgive him for pawning things for survival. The last precious thing that they had was the watch, which too seems to have been pawned for a drink. Mrs. Rowland’s bitterness and disappointment is sometimes justified since Mr. Rowland was actually â€Å"the millionaire Rowland's only son, the Harvard graduate, the poet, the catch of the town†. Her position as his wife should actually had been an enviable one. By being an alcoholic and by possessing an unwilling attitude to work, he became a penniless wastrel. He had impregnated and married her before their child was stillborn.Added on to her feeling of betrayal is his infidelity. Mrs. Rowland is unperturbed by her husband’s stern and severe looks. She carries on and tells him that he cannot bully her with his â€Å"superior airs†. She reminds him that but for her he would be going without breakfast in the morning. She tries to win his pity when she speaks of her headache and the deplorable condition in which has to sew to earn their bread. She tries all possible means to provoke his pity and to make him seek a job. The rent for the house was due and there was nothing left for lunch.She doesn’t mince words in asking him to look out for a job: â€Å"Are you going to look for a job today or aren't you? † Despite all her bickering, when she sees blood in Mr. Rowland’s face the first time, she asks him to wipe the blood off his face and tells him to go to a barber’s shop for a shave since she found h is hands shaking heavily. This shows her concern for Alfred. She even warns him that one of these days he was going to cut himself seriously. But she is too preoccupied with her own taunts that she doesn’t catch the seriousness of the situation that ends in such a great tragedy.All through the play Alfred never makes an appearance. It is only through the eyes of Mrs. Rowland that we get to know the person. The plot, the action, the conflict all revolve around her. The plot brings out the strong conflict which Mrs. Rowland is confronted with. Though she complains a lot and beseeches Mr. Rowland to be more responsible, she takes things in her stride and carries on with her daily chores. The play strongly evokes emotions of pity and horror. All her calls of Alfred contributing to the family in some manner or the other seem to fall in deaf ears.In referring to Mr. Rowland’s affair with Helen, Mrs. Rowland threatens him telling that she would never divorce him. She gets vin dictive for all the injuries that he inflicted on her. She understands her rights as a woman very well. She knows that unless she agrees to the divorce, it can never happen. And, unless they divorce, he can never dream of marrying another woman. Conclusion Alfred is a sensitive man who commits suicide on being discovered by his wife about his extramarital affair. Comparatively Mrs. Rowland bears it all with much forbearing.Life had been much more difficult on her. She was the daughter of a mere grocer, she had become pregnant even before she could be married, despite marrying a man with some wealth to name she had to put up with poverty. In a way, it can be said that her strength of forbearance comes from her simple background. On the other hand, Mr. Rowland had been the only son of a millionaire father. Yet, when his father died, he should have been mortified to find that all that he was left with was a large amount of debt to be repaid. His faith should have been shaken with this. He had been personally proud of his position in society. As Mrs. Rowland once comments, â€Å"You were ashamed of me with your fine friends because my father's only a grocer, that's what you were. † Yet he had to marry her because of the slight he committed on her before their marriage. Mrs. Rowland never hesitates to fight for her rights. Within the portals of family life and considering her limitations, she voices her opinions and demands. This gives her the identity of a feminist. Her feminism raised its head mainly due to Mr. Rowland’s inability to provide her with the ba

Electrical Engineering Essay

1. Introduction Engineers have the potential of developing technology that will be used by hundreds, thousands, even millions of people. Since so many people are using this technology, it has to be safe and it has to benefit one population without making another suffer. As the engineers design new technology, they are the ones that have an ethical responsibility to ensure that it will not endanger lives or cause any suffering. The purpose of the essay is to explore the specific issues that face electrical engineers. The primary focus in this essay will be addressing the question: how can an issue be an ethical concern if it does not directly endanger human life or society? This is particularly important as in contrast to other branches of engineering, the moral issues surrounding electrical engineering do not usually affect a consumer’s health or lead to injury or death. A civil engineering dilemma could involve a building collapsing or roads falling apart leading to direct death or injury, s uch as the â€Å"L’Ambiance Plaza Collapse†1 in Connecticut, or the â€Å"Sampoong Department Store Collapse†2 in Seoul. However, as discussed in Fleddermann (2000)3, the problems faced by electrical engineers are no less important, and that the engineers in this discipline should be aware of the particular ethical dilemmas of this field. The field of electrical engineering covers a wide range of technology from power generation and transmission lines to integrated circuits used in computers. This essay will outline, using real-life examples, three major concerns in electrical engineering and explain how they impact the world on an international scale. The current solutions to the ethical dilemmas will be evaluated using ethical analysis, and alternative solutions will be provided. The following scenarios are an excellent illustration of the ethical issues that electrical engineers have to face and opens up a unique discussion about their responsibilities in both a national and international setting. Issue 1 – Quality of product vs. commercial success Electrical engineers are involved in the manufacturing of everyday household appliances. The circuitry that is designed is used in products that are sold by the manufacturer. Manufacturer’s can prioritise the commercial success of their product over the actual quality. This can result in a conflict of interest between manufacturer and engineer since the manufacturer can be  financially motivated, whereas an engineer is supposed to hold paramount the welfare of public in their professional duties (engineering code of ethics)5. An example of this is the manufacturing of the Intel microprocessor in 19944. The microprocessor had a flaw in it that meant that a regularly used operation by users would give the incorrect results. The engineers knew of this problem, and rectified it for future version. Despite this, Intel continued selling the product. This error was found by users, and Intel decided it would only replace microprocessor with a good one to people who could demonstrate that they needed it. Should Intel have provided a replacement regardless? Since Intel was aware of the problem, was it unethical to withhold this information from the users? If this information had been given, and warnings had been included, does this solve the ethical problems for the company? According to Intel, since the error was so minor it would not affect the majority of users. However the few people would have ‘suffered’ from this flaw could have been rectified if Intel had offered to replace their microprocessor for free. This is what Intel did do and so according to utilitarianism principles their response was ethically sound. However, what was immoral was the fact that they did not bring up this issue themselves, and that they continued manufacturing and selling the product without warnings. They did not respect the dignity of their consumers enough to let them be informed consumers. By applying Kantian ethics, one can determine that Intel did not respect the dignity of their customers, and was merely using them as a means to an end. This was to maximise their profit margin by exhausting their faulty stock. There are a number of alternative solutions that Intel could have taken. Intel could have continued selling their product with a warning label so that further customer’s would be aware of flaw. A better solution would have been if Intel discontinued making this microprocessor and told their customers of the flaw straight away, whilst also offering a replacement chip. Issue 2 – experimental nature of electrical. The technology used by engineers to design equipment is complex, and outside the understanding of a majority of general consumers. In addition to this, the lasting effect of some of these technologies is unknown. Since electrical technology is designed on such a small scale, there can be  unknown effects due to our limited understanding of quantum physics. This raises an interesting issue that has sparked debate. Can we use technology that we don’t fully understand, but use on a daily basis? Is it safe to use this technology considering that there may be a potential risk that we have yet to comprehend? The nature of electrical engineering can be somewhat experimental. Transmission lines are used every day to transfer energy into our homes. There are inconclusive theories6 that suggests that these transmission lines which emit low-frequency electromagnetic radiation can be harmful to the general population. This ranges from causing headaches and muscles fatigue to an increased risk of cancer6. Is an engineer obliged to consider these potential risks in their design, even if there is little proof or knowledge into the lasting effects? Currently transmission lines are designed so that they are around 5-10 metres off the ground, this is both for efficiency as well as to remove them from the reach of the general public, avoiding electrocution. However, not many transmission lines have shielding to reduce or eliminate the effects of electromagnetic fields, as there is no quantitative evidence to suggest that shielding is necessary. If the observational theories were proven to be true, however unlikely, that would mean that the general public have been placed in a position of possible harm. In the unlikely case this was true, does the small probability of this being true outweigh the seriousness of the potential harm (cancer). An engineer should be morally responsible at all times, and so an engineer should employ some sort of safety measure. Even if there is only a tiny potential for transmission lines to have lasting negative effects, there should be methods used to combat this threat. This is applying contractualism principles. If engineers themselves believed that they could be exposed to these harmful effects, and knew that they could do something about it, they would integrate some shielding into their transmission line design. Issue 3 – sustainability and power generation, impact of cheap labour Power generation and sustainability is a key concern for all people in the world. Electrical engineers are a vital part of this global machine concerned with sustainability. Engineers primarily concern themselves with providing the most efficient means of power generation and distribution, but this can cause negative effects on the global community. Can a balance be achieved? Is it possible for an electrical engineer to be  morally responsible at all time? Our current primary energy source is dependent on a limited resource, coal and fossil fuels7. The utilisation of these materials results in emissions and waste that are harmful to the environment. Since an electrical engineer is only concerned with the production of energy and not of its disposal is this even an issue they should concern themselves with? It’s not just up to one person to be ethically responsible. An engineer is only a small part of a network of morally autonomous agents. An engineer can apply virtue ethics or kantian ethics, and create awareness of environmental issues. An engineer should have a virtuous nature and consider all areas of society that they can impact. If an engineer applies Kantianism, their actions would involve trying to tell their managers that they are using the Earth’s limited resources as a means to an end, and the environment gets negatively affected by this. If an engineer raises concern about environmental issues, then they are ethically sound. Even if the situation does not change due to the opinions of higher up people, the engineer has done all that they can be expected to. Cheap Labour: An example of our global effect is found in a youtube video8 where cheap child labour is used to break down parts in a circuit board for further use. The toxic fumes emitted from deconstructing the components are extremely hazardous and can cause lasting health consequences. Companies source labour to developing countries because it is an extremely economical alternative. This is primarily due to developing nations not having as stringent workplace health and safety requirements, and also being able to obtain workers who would work for a much lower wage. Essentially this action will achieve the same outcome, for a lesser cost. These companies clearly priorities profit margins over social wellbeing. Is this an electrical engineers concern? An electrical engineer is part of the company that makes the decision to employ cheap labour, and so they can be in a position to influence this decision. A number of options are available. Employ 1st world employees to perform the same job locally This will mean that there is a higher cost for the company. However, this will take away work from third work countries. Cheap labour will no longer  be exploited, but the people of the country will no longer have employment, which could have serious roll-over effects on the society and economy. A better solution would be: Employ 3rd world employees, and provide better wages and working conditions. The major benefit of this is that a company can still provide work for the global community, while improving the working conditions and economies of the developing nations, rather than exploiting them. The downside is extra cost put into educating employees and providing good equipment to apply process. Both scenarios involve extra money input from companies, resulting in loss of profits, but this is weighed against the safety of the people contracted to the company. Value of human life is held paramount here which satisfies engineering code of ethics. References 1. http://www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/ArticleID/168/LAmbiance-Plazza.aspx 2. http://www.hazardcards.com/card.php?id=8 3. http://www.ele.uri.edu/courses/ele400/f12/cases.pdf 4. B. Crothers, â€Å"Pentium woes continue,† Infoworld, vol. 16, no. 48, pp. a. 1–18, Nov. 18, 1994. 5. http://www.engineersaustralia.org.au//sites/default/files/shado/About%20Us/Overview/Governance/CodeOfEthics2000.pdf 6. http://www.mcw.edu/radiationoncology/ourdepartment/radiationbiology/Power-Lines-and-Cancer-FAQs.htm#1 7. http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch2/impact.html 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeDw6yHQVbI

Osteoarthritis A Degenerative Arthritis - 1631 Words

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthritis, a condition in which joint cartilage degenerates or breaks down. New tissue, which grows at the ends of bones, now has no cartilage cap to control it. Instead, this new bone forms into strange lips and spurs that grind and grate and get in the way of movement of the joint. Osteoarthritis is common in older people after years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones. Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Paget s disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called dowager s hump, or other bone degeneration. Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary†¦show more content†¦It seems to start more in the winter and after some siege of sickness, but it is not considered an infective arthritis. Nobody knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. There may be some hereditary trait, and there seems to be some connection to viral infections like German measles and serum hepatitis, the liver disease brought on by an injection of one kind or another. Because of this, scientists theorize that rheumatoid arthritis may be an autoimmune disease, one in which the body acts as though it were allergic to itself. The immune system gets mixed up and attacks normal joint tissue instead of the stuff it is supposed to attack. Polyarteritis Nodosa is also an inflammatory arthritis, fortunately it is a rare form of arthritis. It can lead to complications that are dangerous to life. It affects four times as many males as females, mostly young adults. There is joint and muscle pain, ulcers or sores on the legs and gangrene of the fingers and toes because of interrupted blood supply to those parts. The organs of the body are almost all involved, producing symptoms like sudden blindness, hemiplegia, and heart disease. Aggressive treatment prevents death, which at one time resulted within five years. Miraculously, some cases simply get better for no apparent reasons, called spontaneous remission. Ankylosing Spondylitis is an inflammatory arthritis of the spine which causes ankylosing or fusing of the vertebrae. It is more common in young men that women, and more